ժҪ
ӢѾչһȫΧʹ㷺ԡӢΪӢĻϢͱʽӢеĻӡǡĴӢʽӢʽӢΡԵIJ仯ԭͨȽӢʽӢʽӢIJ죬ԿĻضԵIJо,ͨӢ壬ӢξáʷĻԵĻȵȡӢﱾдʻԴص㣬ӢԵķչƽŹͬķչ
ؼʣӢʽӢʽӢ仯ԭչ
ABSTRACT
Nowadays English has been developing into a global language. As a message carrier, English fully reflects the unique cultures possessed by the British and American countries. The first part of this paper investigates the differences between the British English and its American counterpart from politics, economy, social life, culture, and geography. Then the underlying causes of the differences are exposed in the second part through which the role cultures have played in shaping as well as circulating a language is highlighted. All in all, since English is characterized by its huge vocabulary, great tolerance, and conciseness, it leaves little room for argument that English will be well on its way to be a diversified common language.
Key words: British English; American English; cause of change; tendency
ĿǰϽӢڶˣΪһԣʹ࣬ҪӢӢγɣչʹ÷ΧҲͬӢڳΪһȫԡӢдӢӢĻҪأʮ½õ˽һḻͷչĶԣ˾γ˽ӢʽӢBritish EnglishʽӢAmerican EnglishĽԵķչ仯仯ԭԼԷչƽвͨоǴӢʽӢʽӢIJ죬ԿĻضԵIJоãͨ϶ԷչԭɫķǿʶһЩӢĻʶ˽ЩܰǸȷӢ,ӢʽӢʽӢоҲǶرӢԵķչ˳ֵʶ
һԵı仯
“ķչʽĸıϱ仯”[1]16ںܶ淢仯ڴʻ㡢Լȷ档ӢԵķչɸΪ棺“1.ӢķչӢеһЩ÷ӢӢõ˺ܴķչ2.ĶչմʻĻϣͬʱʹõ˷չ3.ԵӰ졣¿ԷΪΣʮ͵սӢӢռλӶսսѽչӢռͳελսڣǵһսʼӰӢͬʱӢеһЩʻԭӢԳһЩDzΪġ ”[2]3
һ
ʽӢӢʽӢһЩͬԶġôһЦһλӢ˺ڻվڶԸʣڽύѣ˵˼ʣ“What’s your job?”Ӣ˻ش˵“I’m a clerk. ”ʮ־ȣ“ Clock? Your job is to tick tick all day long? ”ͬһʣklεrk,Ӣ˶cla:kݡЦͷӳӢIJͬ
ӢӢӢIJ죬ijЩʵķϣûһĹɿѭĵУ
BE AE
ate et eit
been bi:n bin
idyll ۨ@idil ۨ@aidl
z zed zi
ΣڴĴҲͬҲϴIJӢﵥУֻҪϵڣһҪڶڵУͨ
BEʹϰ߰ѵʵڿϣAEʹϲǰϡ-ary,-oryβĵʺ-ateβ˫ڴУBEڵڶϣAEڵһϡ磺
BE AE
an@cillary @ancillary
la@boratory @laboratory
co@rollary @corollary
dic@tate @dictate
mi@grate @migrate
ͨ£BE Ĵǰ棬AEĴĺ棬رǸϴʡ磺
BE AE
farm@house @farmhouse
ice@cream @icecream
ӢʽӢʽӢڷЩͬȻԺĶ֣Ҳѧϰѡ
ʻ
ӢʽӢʽӢͬһԴԺķչܵӰ첻ͬͲƴдϵIJͬ“ӢʻϵͳӢӢӢĹͬʻġ뿪һģӢﻹӢӢﶼڡ[3](3)
1ͬ壺ͬʼȳӢУҲӢӢУֱʾȫͬĸ磺
BE AE
biscuit մ
billion ʮ
overall װ
2ͬʣӢӢӢֱòͬĴʾͬһ˵
BE AE
lift elevator
tin can ͷ
tap faucet ˮͷ
sweets candy ǹ
3ƴд죺ӢʽӢʽӢͬһϵƴдϵвͬ£
BE AE
ardour ardor
dialogue dialog Ի
aeon eon
aesthetic esthetic
analyse analyze
inflexion inflection
sceptic skeptic
mommy mummy
ӢڴʻƴдͬDzԣһڲͬı塣֮ͨԽһ˽Եص㣬ḻӢԵ֪ʶӢӦ
Ӣ˷ƴдʹʻϴڲ⣬Ҳڲ졣ӢʽӢʽӢϵIJзӢѧϰ档ҾټӢʽӢʽӢϰ÷ͬӡ
1ʣ
۵Ĵβ仯ͬ⡣ӢォʻӢӢΪԣرЩʵĶﶯʣto cook out →a cook-out ;to know how →the know-how; to run down →the rundown; to be shut in →a shut-in; to stop over →the stopoverȡ
ʱӢӢνﶯʿǵʽ߸ʽӢXõʽ磺BE They are a family who has been very influential in the history of this country. AE/BE: The committee has decided to look into the matter further.ʱӢõʽӢӢ临ʽ磺BEThe worker decided to form a new trades union. AE: The worker decided to form a new trade union.
2 have ,get, make
haveʹ֮ʱhave;Ӣϼget,¼make.Ӣеto have ǸԲȷĶʡӢ˼Ȱְʵ嶯ʣһɽʵ嶯á磺
BE: I will get someone come.
AE: I will have someone come.
3ݴʣ
ӢУݴʵıȽϿԸall the ֮ʾǿӢӢʹany ݴʱȽϼһʽʾǿ磺
BE: Can’t you do any better than that?
AE: Is that all the better you can do?
4ȥʱʱ
ʾڲԶĹȥɵ飬ӢӢﳣʱӢʹһȥʱ磺
BEI have studied your report already.
AEI studied your report already.
BENow I know what it is! I’ve forgotten its name.
AENow I know what it is! I forgot its name.
ӢӢӢIJ첻̫ࡣӢйͬϵϵһЩϸΪԷɣģֻͬijЩʽӢʹõƵͬȻҪӢ˽ͱӦϰ÷
Ա仯ԭ
“ йһӢ֮һͬԵĺ蹵” [4] 4ʵϣκһԵķչ仯һӵḶ́ӳһҵĻǨҲʷͳΡ÷չķӳķչʽĸıϱ仯ӢǵʽʹԣͬʱǴڼٱ仯֮еԡԴкܶ࣬“ȣƼķչҪṩԴڶξỷҲԴıʶ̬ҲԵķչɺܴӰ죬Ӧԡ”[5](2)
һξ
¼˶塢߶ܵԵı仯ʱԻᷢҵı仯αʱ
2001911տֲӶŦԼóõϮһ¼´ʵIJGround ZeroֲָϮóµķ档“9.11”Ҳر壬ָʱĿֲϮOsamaniacһҲý֮УָĽ··ǵŮԡ
Ӣ.ѡӢǾͿһЩ´ʳˣBlairism,Blairist,Blairistas,Blairification,BlairiteȡWatergate(ˮ¼)һ¼ģֶͳwhite watergate(ˮ¼)һʡ
羭õķչҵ漰´Bushnomics, Blairnomics, Bogernomicsȸϴ˼“ij˵ľ”Bushnomics“ͳʲľ”BlairnomicsΪ“Ӣ಼ľ”
Ӣ۹˥仯յֳذӢͳζչΪһǿΡʵ塣ӢΡò첻ɱطӳУرԵĴʻС [7](3)
ӢԷӳʱֱʵŨҵϢ“ĻϵģԷӳĻĻ壬ΪһֻԾIJϣܹʱΡúĻɫӳʱǵľò”[6](4)
Dzϱ仯Լһ˵ijҲһЩ´ʡ2060ƤʿָЩʵ죬澫ˡ80ƤʿָдźרҵԣʽˡǻǮģʱbaby boomer, baby buster, lost generation, generation XԼ generation YЩʶķӳ[8](161)
“Here’s a ha’peeny, don’t spend it all at one shop”ǿظСһƷ˳˵һڶгʿ“a ha’peeny”=half a penny仰ʱ1920°ͣ1970ȫӢıǨҲӳ19ĩ20°һӢ˵ı仯ߣСһƷٵһ£Ҳ֮Ƴʷ̨
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Ծ,¼ͷӳһҵʷӢĴʷķչҲܲɷֵġ
ӢӹԪ450ĹӢ,ǧٶķչʷˡʷ,Ӣ˵֡͵ķ⽨ᡢʲҵֳŵʷ,γڲͬʷĻ˵castra(Ӫ/Ӫ)һʱӢռ֤ 1649⽨ܴһΪ“ͽɱ˷ҵĹ”˶ͷ̨Regicide (߱)һʾӢʷǰ⽨նʷ֤ӢĵһβҵʼʮͺҶʼӢоflying shuttle (),spinning jenny (ɴ)
һʷҲ֡Ӣڱֳؿʼʷϵplantation ֳйصһӢֳ1607ڱĵһֳJamestown,ʱΪplantation,ʱӢ˼ֳ.߽ؾһֱΪԺĻһҪɷ֡ 2050,ΪӽеƺƴȨ,Ǵsit-in lie-in swim-inȶʽڲиĶ,Ӯintegration (ȡ)
ģĻ
“ǿʵд,һͶһʲôĻ,ͻʲôԡ” [9](1) һĻʵǴһĵռ, ɱ˸õȻòص㡣
Ӣڵϰ߷ijЩ죬еijЩӢоͲڡԱ,α仯ǧƵɽƽԭꡢɳĮƽ̹ĸߵءݵ,Լָĵεòﶼҵõ磬caribou(ѱ¹)sagebrush()sequoia(ɼ)the Everglades(ϲ)ȴֻӢеġ
Ӣ滷,˵뺣ˮҵеĹϵԺ뷢չ˺ʹô뺣йص, plain sailing (һ˳),go with the stream (沨),on the rocks (), ȡӢٴ,ŷ½ŷ½ϮĶ纮̹,촵ů,˲йʫ˹ƶµ“It’s a warm wind, the west wind, full of bird crying.” ˵ӢӢеijЩӢҲҲprince (), duke()marquis()knight(ʿ)ȴʶӢӢеġ
壩Ļ
ѧңӣ(ا)̸ԺĻߵĹϵʱָ:“ĻΪĺ,˼ľ﷽ʽ”ĻԵĹϵΪݺʽĹϵݾʽ,ʽӳݡ“ӢΪӢĻϢĻ۵ıʽ,ӢеĻӡǡӢӢĻ,ǿԿ̽ӢеĻݡ” [10]1
ǴлǿҸоӢĻ졣ĹңFrom the many one (Ϊһ)ԣӳһɫڹȥļ֮,ǧ,ԴԴӿ“The United States”еUnited(),ָ,ָǴİ쵶˵ĻĻĽϿ˵ǵһص㡣
ӢƾáʼδжϹŲӲǧ,ϵ,ܸ,ȼɭ,γԹԺ Duke/Duchess (),Marquis/Marchionesses (),Earl/Countess (),Viscount/Viscount ness (Ӿ)Baron/Baroness (о)弶ϮΪ,ʿʿΪĹơ
ԹһʷĻĻãӣ(ا)Ļ“Բ뿪Ļ” νĻ,Ŵľʽϰߺܺ͡ӢԼ¼ͷӳӢضĻò,ijϽ,ӢĻʷд档
ӢǰԤ
緶Χ¼𣬾ýȫһ廯֮ΡáĻУǶԸϢҪ漱ȣϢǰδеٶȽųʱյĴӢΪһͨϢϢĹߣԽԽʾڹʽеҪλǰϹкӢͰֹԡʵҪԵĹ,ӢͬӢﻷȫʹû
ĽҲƶӢķչͱ仯ʷƶԷչܶ,ӢﱾһЩصҲȫԵķչҪӦġӢȫʻһɱʻ㣨native wordsʻ(borrowed words)ɵġȣǾĴʻӢʻѾͻưֳʱʼʻͲӿӢ,ȫƼķչͽֽһӢĴʻִӢаٷ֮ʮĴʻ㶼,һ̶ϷӳӢİԼͬĻĽڡһǼࡣӢı﷽ʽҲӦṵͨҪ
ΡáĻ,ӢӢӢڲ㷺Ӱ,ӢӢѾʼһͳ“”Ϊʵе“”ӢʽӢʽӢ£Ϊص,ӢӢںϡ
ǾԷչԭ,ڴ˻϶Ӣ״˷,ӹ,ӢѾһȫΧʹ㷺,Ӧ˵,ĿǰкüͬʱҲ,ôӢܷܳΪ“ͨ”?
ܵӢֱѾԳһ,ܴͳٵ,رǵϾս,һܵǿԤġ,Ӱ,ͨѧҵĻӰӵĶ鼰,ʽʽǩ,ȫرǵɾӰ졣ͬʱӢҲѲǴͳϵ“”,ڳΪͬҡ֮ͬĹߡһֹͨԵѡ,ѧѧϵı,Ρá˿ġĵλӰ죬ΪͨĹ,δӢӦ“ͬ”ķչ,е“ͬ”϶ǾʽӢɫġ“δ繲ͬò˹Ϊ統ȻȲǵҲǶӢ˸ԺԾԡ [11]1ӢĻĽӢʽӢʽӢIJԽԽСӶ˼룬ĻͿѧķչ
οף
[1] .ҪؿӢӢ.[H].ѧѧ棩1997.7, 7:(3)P16.
[2] ˳.ƶ²ʿӢƹ.[H].ϴѧѧ.1988,8(5):P3.
[3] .ҪؿӢӢ.[H].ѧѧ棩1997.7, 7:(3)P3.
[4]־.ڶ.[M].Ϻ:Ϻͼ湫˾2001.7.2001,10 .P4.
[5] ׳.ս.ѧ̳̣İ棩. [M].2004.7.:ѧ磬2004.7 P161.
[6] .620͵ӢӢĻıǨ.[H].ĴѧԺѧ2001, 17(4):P2.
[7] .ҪؿӢӢ.[H].ѧѧ棩1997.7, 7:(3)P3.
[8] ׳.ս.ѧ̳̣İ棩. [M].2004.7.:ѧ磬2004.7 P161.
[9] ƽ..ӢӢĻ.ɳѧѧ.2001.9,15(3):P1.
[10] ƽ..ӢӢĻ.ɳѧѧ.2001.9,15(3):P1.
[11] .ӢչijЩ.[H].žѧԺѧ.1999,22(6):P1.