Ĺؼ:ʷѧʲ
Ҫ:ʷѧĺѧĽʲ߽ҪֶΡʲָѧϰΪ˿˷ԴɵĽϰȡļܡĶ160ѧһ꼶ӢרҵΪڰܵĽʲԵĽѧʵʵʲԵڿ˷ϰ߿サ
һ
ʷѧ2070侫Rob-inson (1984 )“ΪĿķ”ᳫѧҪʻѧĿѧĽ;Dz߽ʵIJԡ⽻ʲԵоʼϸ7080ٷչʱڡ1980꣬Canale&SwainĽģʽо(ѧͲ)ľӰ죬ԽͽʲԵо˺ܴƽá“ʲоҹ˵һհ”(쿶1994)0ʮҹʲоȡ˿ϲijɼѧ߿ʼܹĽʲԵۣ(1992 )쿶(1994 )ׯ(1996)(2000)ȡййѧʲʵ֤оҲչˣߺ(2000 )(2001)(2002)ȡӢサڽѧԽԽܵӣڵоҲʼǿԽʲԵо(ޣ2001;̷ѩ÷ųƽ2002 )Ŀǰодֽ̽ΣԽʲԽѧʵо١ľ۽ڽʲԵоҪͨѧʵоʲԽѧıҪԡʵʩȡõĽѧЧ
ʲԵ۽
1ĺ
ʷѧۻѧѧѧΪʯ“”( communicative compe-fence)һҪѧHymesChom-sky“”( linguistic competence )ġΪϵ“”δȫʾ˵ԵĽһʽգһںʱεءʲôʽ˭ǡʹʽнʵ֪ʶϵաһӵĸ漰ԡǡᡢĻȶأһֶ(ͷ)ֶ()ﵽijһضĿĵѧLittlewood¼:(1)֪ʶر˼;(2)֪ʶ˽Щ֪ʶڽе;(3)ѧϰʹʱӦԼλᄈܴߵķӦжϳǷǡ;(4})ѧϰ߱˽ԵẬ壬ʹӢﱾձܵԡӦ˵“”ΪĵĽʽѧѧȣȷʵΪԽѧȽƳĽѧ
2.ʲԵĸ
Ϊ˴ﵽѧϰ߽һĿ꣬ʷѧ̽ʻڿϼȲ֪ʶҲݣǽͻȡϢֶΡʲѧĹؼָѧϰδȫյڶʱΪʵֽĿģʻ㷽ǷȱȡķøSelinker ( 1972)ģһʹòԣָѧϰԴijЩϢʱΪ˿˷ϰȡļܡCorder(1981)ʲԶΪ:“˵ʱΪ˱˼ȡϵͳļ”϶ǿԿʲֲѧϰߺͶԻ֪ʶIJȡIJԡ
ȥѧ߶Խʲ˶ַTarone (1977)ѽʲԷֳ:(1)ر;(2)ת;(3)ĸ;(4);(5)ģ¼Taroneķ෨ԽʲԵоӰԶΪ˽ʲԵĻ͡
Bialystok (1983)ѽʲϢԴֳ:ڵһԵIJ(ò)ͻڵڶԵIJ(ת)о:ˮƽϵʹûڵһԵIJԣˮƽߵѧϰѡڵڶԵIJԣΪ߶ѧϰߵˮƽҪߡ
Farech&Kasper(1983)ԽʲԵĽ綨ͷ࣬ʲԿɷΪɾͲԣָһֻرܲԣɾͲָһֲԡѧϰƿϰرѣʹõľǻرܲ;ѧϰѰ;⣬õľdzɾͲԡ
ڽʲԵоУȥѧߵоҪķԭʹõϣǾIJԱõĶַԼӲоһǶԽʲԵʶ⡣
3.ʲԽѧ
ʦѧϤֽʲԣԱܹʶʹøֽʲԡǽʲӢѧеľڷ(1)ѧԽ͵ʱҪֱͣΪṩֱ˼ά(2)ѧڱʱܻԥʱӲԵʹܹӿԣʦԴӿһЩؼʣѧݣΪΪĶԻ(3)ʦܶתγɽʹͿģȶǵĽǵĿỰܡ(4)ʦѧʹԣʹỰݸʵѧ˵ӢģΪʵĽ춨õĻоձΪ۴ʵǴӾʲԵѵӦᳫġ
Chamot & Rubin ( 1994)ܽһײѵķ:(1)ҳѧѧϰʱѾʹõIJԣ;(2)ͨķ²;(3)˵ֲԵ÷;(4)ΪʲôҪʹòԡʲôʱʹò;(5)ṩϰᡣ
Cohen(1998)ֲѵʽ:(1)ͨѧϰܿ;(2);(3)ϰ;(4)鸨;(5)ֱӽԱ˽̿;(6)¼;(7)ԲѵΪĽѧ
йؽʲѵ۲ʮ꾡ڿýѧרѵѧʹýʲоޡ(2002 )ʵйģϴһоǽʲѵijЧѵĶΪ109ڶΪӢĴѧ꼶ѧΪĸƽа࣬һΪʵ飬İΪ飬ȡʵÿܿεǰʮӽѵΪʮܣѵֲ:ر滻⡢תʹʡо֣ýʲѵѧʹòԵƵȺЧ;ʾʾѧԽʲԽѧĽѧЧձ̬ͬȡ
ʲԽѧо
1.о
ڴѧӢרҵѧУ߷ѧӢѵʱÿĵʱĸサͣͬԻرֱܲӰӢサЧӢ̲к漰ʲԷݣټѧֲýʲ˷ϰʹǵĽʱֺܲ롣мڴˣ߿չԵĽʲԽѧоҪ: (1)չʲԽѧıҪ;(2)ʲԽѧʵʩ;(3)ʲԽѧЧ;(4)ʲԽѧŵĽΡ
о160ֺ칤ҵߵרѧУ2007ѧķӢרҵһ꼶Щѧ6ϵӢѧϰﵽеˮƽġƹ6ϵ˸רҵֱڱеĴѧӢ˵ε4ࡣ
2.ʾ
ʽѵʼǰȶѧĿサʼʹʾ飬ԱһȷʲԽѧıҪԡ麭ǵ:ѧʱѧϰӢĻ?Ƿѧサʻϰ?ѧڽϰ̬?ͨЩ˷Щϰ?
ڻյ140ЧʾУǷѧʱӢϰ“”ѧռ49. 6%ϰ“”ѧռ42.3 %ʦ“û”ἰδϰѧռ48.3%ʦ“”ἰϰѧռ32. 2%ûʦ“ϵͳ”δϰ⡣ѧڽпサʱ43. 2%ѧ“”ʻϰ⣬27. 5%ѧ“ʱ”ʻϰ25. 3%ѧʻϰʱ“֪”ϰʱ55. 8%ѧѡ“رܻ⡢”“ĸ”
йѧԣӢサʲԽѧѵıҪҪ¼:һҹѧѧϰĸʱ;߱˲ӢサʱҲܲԾʹýʲԣûʶʲԵĴãǰʹͨʹûرܡĸԡڶйԴƣѧdz˿ѵ⣬ûлʹӢڿϰĻҲޣǼԦӢIJҲͲô硣ȻѧӢサҪĻʻ㣬ǶڽϰĴǣʹӢサʻIJ㣬ӶӰѧӢԵӡ
3.ѧĿ
һϵеоĻϣߵó½:ȣʹѧʶڵڶѧϰгֽϰͬѧһʵ;ΣѧսʲԵĸַ;ǿ˷ϰ;ѧǾϰʹýʲԣָֽʲԵIJ죬ѵĽʲԽӢサʵֽʵĿġ
ġʲԽѧʵ
ڴѧӢѧʱ٣ҿαҲȱʲԷݡݽʲԽѧĿƳνѧʵķ;ݡѧڱеĴѧӢ˵ϣÿһΣܣǰΪһΣȫϰʹýʲ;ڰΪڶΣҪǿѵ
1.ʹýʲ
һεѵʱΪ180ӣһѧзdzؼص㲿֣Ҫ²ѵ
(1)ʵ
ѡȡһζԻ¼Ŀѧʶ彻ʲӢサеӦãǿʲԹע˵ڶԻԼͼ̸ȥȡķ
Man; You know we wanted to fly to France next July……
Woman; Yes... you meant to leave the car at home.
Man; Of course: Well, I called at British Airways yester-day morning.
Woman; Did you?
Man; Yes...and they told me all the flights are booked.
Woman; Gosh, yesl
Man; And obviously it’ 11 be difficult to book the ferry too.
Woman; I bet it will.
Man; Yes... the problem is that we’ve booked this hotel inParis.
Woman ; Oh , what a nuisance } Have you phoned the ferrycompany yet?
Man ; No , not yet.
Woman; Mm, you’d better hurry up.
Man; Yes... the children would feel very disappointed if wecouldn’ t go there. I wanted to take them to Eiffel Tower.
Woman ; Oh , really?
Man; Certainly.
Woman:I’ve heard it’ s very expensive.
Man; YesI see.
Woman; How much to get in?
Man; I reckon it will be25 or so.
Woman; Mm, it costs too much. However, I suppose it’sworth seeing.
ѧԻѧϰҳ취Ҫҳ̸ֶԻ˳еľ彻ʲԣҪעŮʿõıԸλʿ̸ȥضĿǶԽʲԵ̶֪ȡ
ڱָ£ѧǾ۲۷ҪʹԻϽȥͨ·:
1)(:"Have you phoned the ferry company yet?"" Did you?");
2)ø̾ʻӱʾȤ(:" Gosh , yes" Oh , what a nuisance!”);
3)һ»ʹ̸ȥ(:"I’ve heard it’s very expensive.”);
4)ʾ˵˶ijµĹע(:"oh really?" ) Ӣѧϰ߿֪ܺܶһӢݵ˵Ĺ:һѧӢΣһòʱҪͼǵԱ“Can I help you,sir?(Ҫʲô?)”ʱش˵" A cup of tea and…”Dz“”ô˵ʱб־һͼǾĶԻ:
A:What’ s the English for this?
B:Cock, Sir.
A:What do you call a cock’ s wife?
B ; A hen , sir.
A:And what do you call a hen’ s children?
B:Chicks, sir.
A; And what do you call chicks before they’re born
B:EggsSir.
A:Very wellbring me two eggs and a cup of tea, please.
еķѧdzʹ(Appealfor Assistance)Ǩز(circumlocution )(paraphrase )ͽƲ(approximation)Ƚʲԣﵽ˽Ŀģ˵ͨʹýʲԴﵽĿĵһܺõķѧͨζԻӡر̣ЧҲرԣһչʹýʲԵҰ
֮ѧϵͳؽܽʲԣҪתĸرܡȣͨʵһ˵ÿһֽʲԵʹ÷
(2)ԱȽ
ʦѧһ˽൱ӢĴʻܹýʲԣͿԳɹؿ˷ϰ⣬ʵֽʵĿġȻѧԱȷֽʲԣҳӳ˵߾нϸ߽ĽʲԣԱõؽн빵ͨ
1)תԣýò;
2)óɾͲԣûرܲ;
3)ͬʡʵȲԣȲ;
4)ʹõڶԣʹĸ;
5)ǡ“”ԣԱѧϰ߽ͨ
(3)ѵ
ŽʲоIJˣԿýѧķҲЩѵʹöѧϰ߽ʲʹõʶʵʽʵָ÷dzԡ
1)滻ͨʹѾѧĴʽһЩ´ʻѴʽнͻ滻ѧϰȸϰѧ֪ʶʵͬʱ˽( approximation )(paraphrasing )ػ(circumlocution )ȽʲԵá磬ڽڲôʱʹ¶ķн˵:classroom ; a roomin which we have classes; dog; an animal we keep as a pet;happiness; pleasure, joy; A car is a vehicle in which we cantravel.
ڿͨʻʽЩ滻ȴѧĴʻͬʱֶԵԲͬεѧˮƽǺܺõѵʽ
2)ԻԻΪճʵҪֶϰʹýʲԵ÷֮һڶԻУѧϰ߳ԸʵõIJԣϰﵽ˳ʵĿġ:
A; Would you please pass me the knife?
B:You mean the thing that can cut?(circumlocution )
A ; Yes.
A; How old are you?
B:Wellthat’ s an interesting question. Isn’t it strangehow people always feel that they need to know the age of a per-son? I don’ t really think that age is important at all. I think Ican tell you something about my personal experience as a sail-or. . .(filler, avoidance)
A: Can I help you?
B:I want to buy a, an, air ball,(balloon )(coinage )aball made of rubber with air in it.(circumlocution )
ΪĿĵԿУôԻʹѧϰ߸ϰʹýʲԣӶﵽĿġ
3)ͼճϤͼλϰʹմʻ㡢;ʽȹ̺˺Ĵʻ㣬ѧ˽ʲԵʹá:
A. The roof of the house has three lines and three angles.(triangle )(paraphrasing );
B. There’re many flowers in the garden, they’ re in differ-ent colorsred, yellow, blue, green, purple, pinkwhite ,brown…
C. The boy’ s toys are in some basic shapes, some are tri-angle , some are rectangular , some are round , some are squaresome are star shaped , some are diamond , some are heartshaped,...
ͨϰѧϰͨϸ۲첢ʹԼԶñȽȷѧϰıؾ֮·
(4)κϰ
¿κҪѧһӢɶԻʹѧʶĽʲѵǵӢͷ¼ԼڶԻʹõĽʲԡκĿھ˶ѧнʲԵǿѵ֮ѵЧһǿ佻ʲԹӶʹʲԴӳڵʶѧϰʹãգմﵽʶȻӦãΪЧĿͷá
2.ǿѵʲ
ҹеӢѧϰ˽ʲԵʹãѧƽʱȱʻұĻᣬʹҪȻʱûġԣѧнʲԵǿѵбҪ
ʲԽѧĵڶΣҪй̽ʲõϰÿοһϰʱΪɷңϰݴԺǿĽԽĽɣʹϰʵµĽʻʦӦ˽ѧѧϰʽ۲ѧʹõIJԣʵȻĽʻ˿ýѧǿɾͲѵΪѧṩϰ߽ʲĻᡣ
塢ʲԽѧЧ
ʲԽѧʵԴ˴ʵЧμʻֽһϸµʾȣͽʲԽѧЧԣǴӻյ140ЧʾͳƱз:νѧѵЩʱڿサлϰѧѵǰ53. 2%½ѵ6. 3%;ڶԻϰʱе֪ѧ31. 6%½4. 6%;Ӣサʱ֪δѧѵǰ6. 3%51.2% 88. 3%ѧڽӢǰˡΣͽʲԽѧѵĽζԣ48. 6%ѧΪѵڸнαȽˣ30. 3%ѧΪڳнѵãֻ23. 1%ѧΪӦڴѧνѵѵнеĽʻԣ58%ѧʾϲ42%ѧʾϲѧʾʲԵѵǵĿѧϰа
ϽʲԵĽѧǵó½:1)ʲԵѵڿ˷ѧϰߵĽϰάֽijͨΪѧϰṩˣǿӢģ߽Ч;2)ӢֽĿģʵȻĽʻ˿ýѧʶѧĽʲӶ˷еϰ3)ʲԵѵѧξҪʼΪʱѧѾ˻ĴʻѧûнУôһҪڴѧνС4)ΪѧӢʱ٣ҽ̲ȱʲԵݣԽʲԽѧѵöڼѵķʽȽϿСʦӦѽʲԵϰᴩճӢνѧʵȥѧԱ㽫ӦᷢչҪ